Recently, Liu Tienan, director of the National Energy Administration, announced the development goals of the national "12th Five-Year Plan" for biomass energy: By 2015, the installed capacity of biomass power generation will reach 13 million kilowatts, an increase of 160% over 2010. This target figure exceeds the positive PV installation capacity. The development of China's biomass energy will be valued in the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†and will be inseparable from a group of scientists who have long been pursuing the development of biomass energy in China. Academician Shi Yuanchun is one of them. Biomass energy can fully replace traditional energy sources To extend the high added value of agricultural products processing and biomass industry, otherwise modern agriculture is empty talk. The raw material of the biomass industry is headed for “three rural issuesâ€, and the processing and market end is in the industrial and urban areas. It is the best link and the starting point for “building a new type of relationship between workers and peasants and urban and rural areasâ€. And biomass energy is clean, low-carbon and sustainable. A darling of a new era with extremely demanding markets, why does China not benefit the "three rural" agriculture opportunity as soon as possible? At the Sino-U.S. Advanced Biofuels Forum held in Beijing in May 2010, I proposed the concept of 1.5-generation ethanol, namely the production of fuel ethanol from Chinese non-grain energy crops such as sweet sorghum, potato and Jerusalem artichoke, with mature technologies. , Domestic equipment, can be quickly formed industrialization and large-scale production. The development of non-grain ethanol can activate tens of millions of hectares of slack land and the enthusiasm of the majority of farmers in the country. It is the only and best option to complete the 10 million tons of fuel ethanol index in 2020. Happily, the bottleneck of the fermentation process restricting the industrialization of sweet sorghum ethanol has been solved. The success of the solid fermentation technology of Tsinghua University and the cooperation industrialization project of Inner Mongolia Tehuo Company will promote the industrialization of sweet sorghum ethanol with great potential in China. . Plastic Auxiliary Machine,Large Vertical Mixer,Vacuum Suction Machine,Plastic Crushing Machine Auxiliary DONGGUAN CARNO MACHINERY CO., LTD. , https://www.knscrewchillers.com
Shi Yuanchun, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and former President of China Agricultural University. The eighty-year-old man who jokes that he is "after 80" has been screaming for biomass energy. He once wrote to the Premier of the State Council, spoke in the meeting, and argued in the magazines and newspapers. This article was made at the end of last year by the National Development and Reform Commission on suggestions for the preparation of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan". According to his proposal, the published “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†outline has strengthened the content of biomass energy in modern agriculture, strategic emerging industries and energy.
The proposal is up to 10,000 words long. Here, we compile some of the content to help readers better understand biomass energy.
Wind energy, hydropower, solar energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy, hydrogen energy, and future nuclear fusion are all physical state energy. They need to be transformed into electricity and heat through complicated technologies such as turbines and human facilities. Wind energy and solar energy are unstable and unstable. Poor energy storage. Biomass energy is unique. It is the chemical state energy that is transformed from solar radiation after it is processed by the photosynthetic process of plants. It is both stable and energy storage, and it is also convenient to use. Biomass energy has been the main source of energy since humans learned to drill firewood. Its raw materials are readily available, and modern processing and conversion technologies and approaches are diverse. Products include both thermal and electrical power, and a variety of energy products including solid, liquid, and gaseous states, as well as numerous non-bio-based products such as plastics and bio-chemical materials. These qualities and functions are not available in all other physical clean energy sources. It is this quality and function of biomass that enables people to use fossil fuels instead of using fossil fuels, corn, and cellulose. The raw materials used for the production of ethanol and biodiesel were used to produce biogas from organic waste such as livestock manure and municipal sewage waste. This is a process and law of natural and scientific development. It cannot be controlled by human will and policy orientation. Whoever does not see this will suffer.
According to the China Academy of Engineering Renewable Energy Development Strategy Consultation Report, China's hydropower economically exploitable capacity is 402 million kilowatts, annual power generation capacity is 1.75 trillion kilowatt-hours, and the development level is 32%; China's land wind energy (at a height of 10 meters above the ground) The amount of technology to be developed is 297 million kilowatts, the exploitable area is 200,000 square kilometers, the technological development volume is 180 million kilowatts within a 20-kilometer offshore area, and the developable area is 37,000 square kilometers; the available biomass raw material resources The amount of 1.171 billion tons of standard coal, of which 48.2% came from organic waste of agriculture and forestry, and 51.8% from energy plants on low-quality marginal land. Solar energy is abundant in China, but there are currently no specific data on the amount of resources.
China's non-solar energy-free clean energy resources are 2.148 billion tons of standard coal, of which biomass accounts for 54.5%, large hydropower, small hydropower and wind power account for 18.5%, 8.7%, and 15.5%, respectively, and nuclear energy is 2.8%. The amount of biomass resources is 2 times that of hydropower and 3.5 times that of wind energy. In terms of regional distribution, hydropower resources are concentrated in the west, wind and solar energy resources are concentrated in the northwest and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and biomass resources are enriched in the economically developed eastern and southern regions. Therefore, the resource-rich areas of wind energy and solar energy are separated from the end markets and require long-distance transmission, while the biomass energy resources are close to the product market.
Different biomass raw materials are suitable for the production of different products. After the matching and integration of raw materials and products, approximately 459 million tons of standard coal production capacity (39%) of 1.171 billion tons of standard coal biomass feedstock is suitable for the production of liquid fuels instead of petroleum; About 559 million tons of standard coal production capacity (48%) is suitable for the production of solid fuels to replace coal; about 153 million tons of standard coal production capacity (13%) of biomass feedstock is suitable for the production of gas fuels to replace natural gas.
China's biomass energy can completely replace petroleum, coal and natural gas. Biomass energy in China is a large article worthy of a special article.
Biomass energy can integrate existing industrial and agricultural resources
The root cause of the plight of the “three rural issues†in China is the bundling of 800 million peasants on the land of less than 0.1 hectare per capita to engage in the production of very low value-added food and primary agricultural products. The gap between urban and rural areas is now increasing. This is the result of long-term implementation of the dualization of workers and peasants and the dualization of urban and rural areas. It is not feasible to limit the “three rural issues†to the industrial structure of primary agricultural production. The production chain must be established.
If the 400 million tons of straw that can be used for energy each year (of which more than 100 million tons are burned in open air) will be equivalent to the contribution of the eight Three Gorges power stations, it will help farmers increase their annual income by 80 billion to 100 billion yuan; Non-grain, low-quality, marginal lands are planted with sweet sorghum and potato, which can be converted into 100 million tons of fuel ethanol each year, and increase farmers' income by 100 billion to 150 billion yuan; if they develop organic waste from agriculture, forestry, and processing industries, they can be transformed into 600 Billions to 80 billion cubic meters of natural gas (equivalent to the country's existing consumption), and increase farmers' income by 100 billion yuan. What a precious green coal field, green oil field and green gas field! A money-making forest that can harvest fruit for farmers every year! It can also promote the industrialization and urbanization of rural areas, shift the employment of rural surplus laborers, reduce the gap between workers and peasants, and the gap between urban and rural areas; it can enable the country to develop in a fair and equitable manner and in a scientific and harmonious manner, and to maintain social stability. Isn't this kind of thing about the peasant's meritorious deeds of the country written in a thick brush in the 12th Five-Year Plan?
It is a pity that under the influence of the long-term dualization of workers and peasants, it has been subject to discrimination, deception, and neglect on the basis of the energy theory of energy source to classify biomass energy as the energy industry. The National Energy Commission, headed by Premier Wen Jiabao, has even participated in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the PLA General Staff Headquarters, except the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Forestry Administration. This backward concept, system, and phenomenon cannot be found in the United States, Europe, and other countries. China emphasizes that "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" is "the most important task of the work of the whole party" and "focus on building a new type of relationship between workers and peasants and urban and rural areas as a major strategy for accelerating modernization," and it is also important to exclude "building new types of workers and peasants and urban-rural relations". Bonds and grippers are a manifestation of the imperfect administrative system. It is hoped that the "12th Five-Year Plan" will not treat "biomass energy by energy theory" any more. It will only break the existing system of workers and peasants and rise to the strategic height of solving the "three rural issues" and realizing agricultural modernization. The "Five Planned Biomass Energy" can be scientifically in place.
Fuel ethanol can not be stopped, it is necessary to increase the pace
China's "Tenth Five-Year Plan" started with aged grain ethanol, and in 2005 it exceeded one million tons, ranking third in the world. During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, due to food shortages, new food ethanol was stopped and non-grain ethanol was encouraged. This is timely and correct. Unfortunately, grain ethanol production remained the same during this period, and non-food ethanol only completed 10% of the new 2 million tons target. In the first four years of the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, China’s autos increased from 7.22 million to 13.64 million, net oil imports increased from 168 million tons to 219 million tons, and fuel ethanol increased from 1.3 million tons to 1.62 million. Ton, this can only explain the rapid expansion of oil and transportation fuels. It is to invest heavily in foreign countries rather than pay attention to the development of green alternative energy in the country. This is undoubtedly short-sighted and harmful.
The first generation of grain ethanol is absolutely not feasible in China. The existing annual output of more than 1 million tons should also be transformed as soon as possible. The US and Europe have spent heavily to tackle the second generation of cellulosic ethanol for many years. Due to the technical difficulty, it has announced that it has substantially lowered its 2011 production target. China has not seriously devoted its efforts to cellulosic ethanol. From the completion of the “Mid-term and long-term development plan for renewable energy,†the 10 million tons of fuel ethanol produced in 2020 will have only 10 years left. Does it depend on grain ethanol? No! By cellulosic ethanol it? unrealistic! Rely on what?
According to a special survey report provided by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2008, there are 26.8 million hectares of land suitable for the development of liquid biofuels in the country, and there are 8 concentrated distribution areas. If we add non-grain and low-yield farmland such as the existing potato and sorghum, it will have an annual production potential of 100 million tons of fuel ethanol, which is a large "green oil field."
The “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†is about to pass. There should be a saying about “12th Five-Year†fuel ethanol. Is it 1 generation, 2 generations, or 1.5 generations? New 3 million tons or 5 million tons? International oil prices will surely become higher and higher, and the international situation will always be fickle. For oil security, it is recommended that a small part of the 1 trillion yuan of annual oil purchases be used to develop indigenous "green oil fields." Of course, we must also devote great efforts to the research and development of cellulosic ethanol and microalgae biodiesel, and make good technical reserves.
Biogas replacement of natural gas should be on the agenda
In the 1970s, when China started to develop rural household biogas, Germany and Sweden and other countries developed large-scale production and industrial uses of biogas. We call it industrial biogas. Over 30 years have passed, China's rural household biogas digesters have grown to more than 30 million and annual production of biogas 12 billion cubic meters, while European industrial biogas has also developed from urban sewage and organic waste as raw materials to livestock and poultry excrement and special energy sources. Crops are raw materials; from traditional anaerobic fermentation technology to continuous stirred fermentation (CSTR) and medium-high temperature fermentation process; from heating power generation to the replacement of natural gas; from environmental protection goals to energy environmental protection goals. There are 4,780 biogas plants in Germany (2009) with an installed capacity of 1,600 megawatts; Sweden has 15,000 biogas-powered vehicles (in 2007) and gas stations throughout the country. It is expected that the national natural gas consumption will be replaced by industrial biogas around 2040. Russia and Ukraine "competitiveness" has accelerated the replacement of natural gas by natural gas in Europe. The EU is very optimistic about the prospects for the development of industrial biogas, and the technological progress is very rapid.
After half of China’s oil import dependency, liquefied petroleum gas also reached 30%. Due to the rapid expansion of natural gas shortage and tight supply, huge amounts of money have been used to introduce natural gas to Australia, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Russia in recent years, and large-scale LNG receiving stations have been set up along the coast. However, the country's abundant raw material resources for biogas have been abandoned. China's only three medium-sized farm wastewater, industrial organic wastewater, and urban sewage resources have the potential to produce 83 billion cubic meters of biogas or 70 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year, which is equivalent to the total annual consumption of natural gas in the country. The raw materials of industrial biogas are relatively concentrated, easy to collect and scale production. The production process is the harmless and resource-based process of organic pollutants. It integrates with the recycling of resources and environmental protection, and is closely integrated with the development of rural economy and the construction of new countryside. The energy consumption of anaerobic reactions in carbohydrate conversion is the lowest, and the abatement efficiency is the highest. The plant nutrients can be fully preserved, and the purified biogas can share the advantages of the natural gas transportation system.
At present, the volumetric gas production rate and scale of biogas in China are low, and separation and purification technologies and equipment have just started. However, these can be quickly made up and caught up. It is expected that China will be located in Beijing, Henan, Shandong, Hainan, and Hebei within a year or two. Such as the production of purified compressed car biogas CBG. As long as supporting policies and standards are put in place and gradually improve the logistics system and cultivate the market, the industry's biogas will surely have a big development and contribute to reducing the pressure on the country's natural gas gap.
The development of industrial biogas requires innovative concepts and upgrades, that is, while continuing to develop rural household biogas, upgrading biogas to the industry; upgrading rural energy to commercial energy; and upgrading environmental protection of organic waste to energy production. It is suggested that in the formulation of the “Twelfth Five-Year Planâ€, rural household biogas should be separated from industrial biogas, industrial biogas should be separated from self-use and commercial use, and heating power generation should be separated from alternative natural gas CBG, and development indicators should be separately proposed.
Answering questions about the development of biomass energy
One of the challenges is the fear of affecting national food security. This is all caused by the American corn ethanol. Does biogas production industry affect food security? will not! Will non-food ethanol and biodiesel affect food security? will not! There are so many ways in which biofuels can be taken. Why do we have to struggle with food security? Some people may say that potato and sweet sorghum are food, which makes no sense. Potatoes and sorghum have always been industrial raw materials and feeds for the production of starch and wine, not human rations, and they have only used low-quality land that cannot grow grain.
The second question is whether biofuels will increase the prices of raw materials such as crop stalks and potato sweet sorghum. Adjusting the price of raw materials as a result of social demand and commodity prices is a normal market behavior. What kind of goods and raw materials are all the same? What can be surprising? What are the disadvantages of making harmless, resourceful, and value-added pollutants such as straw and livestock manure without or with low economic value? In the wake of strong demand and higher value-added energy products, what are the reasons for raising the prices of potato and sweet sorghum and increasing the income of farmers?
The third question is that the state has more subsidies. This should mean that at present, for more than 1 million tons of grain ethanol, there is no subsidy policy for the molded fuel and industrial biogas, and subsidies for biomass power generation are also lower than wind and solar power. For the state to develop strategic emerging industries, support and subsidies are normal and necessary. All countries are like this, and their efforts are much greater. If the state's subsidy for wind energy and solar energy is given to enterprises, raw materials account for 60% of the cost of biomass power generation and fuel ethanol, and government-subsidized subsidies are actually transferred to farmers. What is wrong?
The fourth question is whether reclamation will destroy the ecology. For those lands that can be used but not yet used, people are free to ask questions. When they talk about cultivation, they are worried and strange logic. Now that the country is short of oil and gas, and the energy security situation is so severe, why can we not use these reserve lands to build green coal fields, green oil fields and green gas fields? Capital non-circulation is "dead money," and the use of land is not a waste land where value cannot be realized.
The fifth question is the immature technology of biomass. In fact, the gap between China's biomass energy technology and foreign countries is not large. It has strong autonomy and a high degree of localization of equipment. This is more advantageous than wind energy and solar energy.