Use of nickel and its consumption

(1) Use of nickel
Nickel has a high degree of chemical stability and does not oxidize when heated to 700-800 °C. Nickel is resistant to corrosion by fluorine, alkali, salt water and various organic substances. It is surface passivated in concentrated nitric acid and has corrosion resistance. It reacts slowly in hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid and dilute nitric acid. Ni based magnetic metal, having a good toughness, have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand various types of mechanical processing (rolling, grinding pressure, welding, etc.).
Pure nickel, especially nickel alloys, is widely used in the national economy. Nickel has good polishing properties, so pure nickel is used in nickel plating technology. It is particularly worth noting that pure nickel is also used in modern new technologies such as radar, television, atomic energy industry, and remote control. In rocket technology, super nickel or nickel alloys are used as high temperature structural materials.
Nickel powder is a raw material for the production of various nickel-containing parts in powder metallurgy and is widely used as a catalyst in the chemical industry.
The nickel compound is an alkaline battery prepared by powder metallurgy, nickel sulfate is mainly used for preparing nickel plating electrolyte, nickel formic acid is used for hydrogenation of oil, nickel hydroxide is used for preparing alkaline battery, and nickel nitrate can also be used. Used as a brown pigment in the ceramic industry. However, pure nickel metal and nickel salts are not consumed much in modern industrial applications, but are mainly used in alloys.
With the rapid development of China's reform and opening up, industrial technology, machinery industry, construction industry, chemical industry and other demand for nickel is also growing. To sum up, the use of nickel can be divided into six categories. 1. It is used as a metal material, including more than 3,000 kinds of stainless steel, heat-resistant alloy steel and various alloys, accounting for more than 70% of nickel consumption. Typical metal materials are:
Nickel- chromium based alloys, such as nickel-nickel alloys, contain 80% nickel and 14% chromium. It can withstand high temperatures and has high breaking strength. It is specially used for making gas turbines and jet engines.
Nickel-chromium- cobalt alloys, such as IN-939, contain Ni50%, Cr22.5%, and Co19%. It has high mechanical strength and is resistant to seawater corrosion, helping to create a turbine engine for marine vessels.
Nickel-chromium- molybdenum alloys, such as IN-586, contain Ni65%, Cr25%, Mo10%. It is a high temperature resistant alloy, such as no oxidizing and brittle at 1050 ° C, especially the welding performance is better.
Copper -nickel alloys such as IN-868 contain Ni15% and Cu80%. Excellent resistance to corrosion, heat and calendering, and is widely used in the marine and chemical industries.
Titanium -nickel shape memory alloy, which is characterized by its ability to restore its original shape and strength during heating, and is used in medical devices and other fields.
The hydrogen storage alloy is an intermetallic compound characterized by being capable of absorbing hydrogen to form a hydride at room temperature, and releasing the absorbed hydrogen when heated to a certain temperature, which is provided for the thermonuclear reaction and energy storage and transportation of the solar energy source. A lot of flexibility. There are many such kinds as LaNi ₅ , a _x Ni ₅ Ce _1-x , Ti-Ni, Ni-Nb, Ni-V, and LaNi ₅ -Mg.
2, used for electroplating, the amount of which accounts for about 15% of nickel consumption. Mainly used in the base steel and other metal materials covered with a durable, corrosion-resistant surface layer, the corrosion resistance than galvanized storey 15% -20%. [next]
3. As a catalyst in the hydrogenation process of petrochemical industry. During the gasification of coal , the following reactions occur when methane is synthesized from CO and H ₂ :
CO+3H ₂ →CH ₄ +H ₂ O (temperature 800 ° C, catalyst)
Conventional catalyst is highly dispersed on alumina matrix composite nickel (Ni25% -27%). This catalyst is not easily poisoned by H ₂ S or SO ₂ .
4, used as a chemical power source, is the material for making batteries. As the industry has produced Cd-Ni, Fe-Ni, Zn-Ni and H ₂ -Ni cell sealed battery.
5. Make pigments and dyes. The most important thing is to form a yellow-orange pigment. The pigment is calcined at 800 ° C from a mixture of TiO ₂ , NiO and Sb ₂ O ₃ . It has strong covering ability and rutile structure, so the chemical properties are stable.
6, the production of ceramic and ferrite. For example, NiO is commonly used as a coloring agent in the ceramic industry, and in addition, the adhesion between the preform and the ferrite is increased, and the surface of the blank is smooth and compact. Ferrite is a relatively new ceramic material used primarily for high frequency electrical equipment.
(2) Consumption of nickel
The statistics of world nickel consumption in recent years are as follows:
Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Consumption / kt 1009.2 1081.6 1122.5 1099.9 1171.5
The countries that consume the most are Japan, the United States and Germany.
Now, China has become the world's largest consumer of stainless steel, the world's largest producer and consumer, or the world's largest producer of hard alloys and a major producer of synthetic diamonds , and the raw materials used in these fields have also shown Exuberant demand, including nickel in cobalt, has only reached nearly 120kt in 2003, and cobalt consumption has reached 6700t, ranking first in the world. In 2001, the consumption composition of nickel in China is shown in the following table.

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