Mining of fluorite resources

(1) Mining technical conditions
The genesis of fluorite deposits in China is mainly medium-low temperature hydrothermal filling type and sedimentary transformation type. The distribution of mineral deposits is wide, but the scale is generally small, some are several hundred meters long and a few are more than one kilometer. The depth is from 100 meters to several hundred meters, and the thickness is small, only a few meters to a dozen meters, and the individual reaches 20 to 30 meters. And the ore grade is rich and poor. The dip angle of the ore body is steep, generally 70°～80°, the surrounding rock is relatively stable, the hydrogeological conditions are relatively simple, and the mining conditions are better.
Most of the fluorite deposits are shallowly buried and can be exploited for open pit mining. Deep ore bodies are mainly mined by shafts, and a few are inclined wells. In addition to a few key mines in China, most mines have no formal design, especially small and medium-sized mines, which are produced in the form of side-by-side exploration.

(ii) Mining methods
Fluorite minerals, like other minerals, generally use both open and pit mining methods.
The shallow part of the ore body is mainly open-pit mining. Manual rock drilling with steel brazing head, manual mining and transportation of slag. A few use mechanical rock drilling and mechanical transportation. Open-pit mining has low cost, simple equipment and good economic benefits. At present, most township enterprises and mass mining employ this method.
Deep ore bodies are mainly developed by shafts, and a few are inclined wells. The mining process consists of three stages: development, acquisition and recovery.
Most of the vertical section of the shaft is divided into double grids, one grid half or three grids according to the needs of development and production. The main grid raises ore, materials and personnel, and the other is used to lift counterweights, laying plumbing, cables and ladders.
The main body and roadway development projects include: shaft, Shimen, along the vein transportation lane, prospecting and veining, ventilation, and safety exit.
Auxiliary projects include: water tanks, pump rooms, drainage ditches, sedimentation tanks, air supply, and substation chambers.
After the development work is completed, the mining work is done, and then the mining is carried out.
Mining work must adhere to the principle of “poor and rich and mining”, “size, thickness, and mining”, so as to cherish resources and make full use of resources.
There are four types of fluorite mining methods:
1) Subsection mining method. In the designed mining block, the middle section of the transportation lane will open the bottom (upper) roadway 5~6m upwards, and then erect the stratified roadway along the vein every 5~7m upwards, and the direction along each lane will be 25~30m upward. One layer digs into the patio, and finally expands the patio of the upper roadway to the transport lane into a funnel. When mining, it is terminated by one end or both ends, and it is retreated or topped. This kind of mining method has a large workload, with many gravel and broken mines. The labor intensity of the workers is high and the efficiency is low. The workers entering the goaf are not safe and picking mines, and the application is less.
2) Single bevel and double bevel filling mining method. The mining engineering and mining methods are basically the same as the section mining, and the empty areas are broken and single-sided or double-sided filling. The top plate after blasting and falling mine can be controlled, and the ground pressure of the nugget is reduced, and the recovery rate can reach more than 90%.
3) Small middle section mining method (also known as reverse mining method). The length of the mining area is generally about 60m. The roadway is still stratified by 5~8m above the bottom roadway. The distance between the cutting patios in the stratification is 15~20m, the spacing of the bottom funnel is 5~6m, and the lower part of the funnel is installed with the ore chute. Bucket mining. The mining is to raise the top and bottom from the bottom up, and the upper and lower layers of the mining area are always maintained at about 2m to form inverted steps to protect workers' mining and rock drilling safety. In the easy collapse of the roof, a 1.5~2m pillar should be left within a certain distance to support the surrounding rock of the goaf. The advantage is that the funnel is dense, the blasting ore is in the funnel, and the worker does not need mining or picking. The mining depletion rate is low. However, due to the high height of the ore, the ore is easily broken, there are many broken ore, and the mining loss rate is high. The mining workload is large and the mining cycle is long.
4) Shallow hole retention method. The length of the mining area is 50-70m, and two boundary patios are drilled at both ends of the tunnel. The upper and lower sections are connected to each other. The height of each 5m on the patio is drilled to the side or both sides to drill a depth of about 4m, and the tunnel is simultaneously excavated. The patio is generally double-framed.
In the stage boundary patio, sometimes because the lower leveling lane is longer than the upper leveling road, the down-passing patio is adopted, that is, the upper side of the stope is 2m upward, and no ore is terminated, and gradually retreats into the stope. There is a funnel at the bottom of the stope, and the chute is the same as the small middle section. The height is 4~7m, the funnel spacing is 5~7m, and the ore body thickness is less than 8m. Generally, a single row of funnels is arranged on the bottom plate. When 8~12m, a single lane double-row funnel or double lanes are arranged. When the ore body thickness is greater than 12m, it must be arranged. Double transport lanes, three rows of funnels.
The shallow hole retention method is a mining method commonly used in the underground (downhole) mining of fluorite deposits in China. The advantage is that the mining height is low, the high-grade ore is not easy to be broken, the mining workload is small, the cycle is short, and the ore recovery rate can reach more than 80%.
In short, the fluorite mining method is relatively simple. At present, most of the major fluorite mining methods in China use the shallow hole retention method (the following table).

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