1. The existence, discovery and production of lithium Lithium is about 0.0065% in the earth's crust, and its abundance ranks 27th. There are approximately 260 billion tons of lithium in seawater, and very little lithium is present in humans and animals. In a normal human body weighing 70 kg, the lithium content is 2.2 mg. At present, more than 150 kinds of lithium ore have been found in nature. The main forms of lithium in nature are spodumene (LiAlSi 2 O 6 ), lithium mica [Li 2 (F, OH) 2 Al(SiO 3 ) 3 ], etc., and Jiangxi is rich in lithium mica ore. Lithium was discovered in 1817 by the famous chemist Bezilius student Alfertson when he analyzed the composition of an ore, which Bezilius named lithium. By 1950, Nakamoto and Machison had made it by electrolytic melting of lithium chloride, which was proposed by Gensa in 1893. Lithium was considered to be an element until industrialization took 76 years. . Now LiCl is made by electrolyzing LiCl, which still consumes a lot of electric energy. It consumes up to 6,000 to 70,000 kWh per ton of lithium. Second, the nature and use of lithium Lithium has a high conductivity and specific heat, its density is 0.53 g / cm 3, is the lightest metal found in nature. It is a very active alkali metal element, which is the only alkali metal element that can react with nitrogen at room temperature. The lithium present in nature is composed of two stable isotopes, 63Li and 73Li. Lithium can only be stored in the soil or paraffin. Lithium has been left out for a long time after it was discovered, and only a few lithium compounds have been used in the glass, ceramics and lubricants sectors. Lithium's earlier major industrial uses were used as thickeners for lubricants in the form of stearic acid. Lithium-based greases combine high water resistance, high temperature resistance and good low temperature performance. If you add a hammer lubricant to some parts of the car, it is enough to use the car to scrap. In the metallurgical industry, lithium is used as a deoxidizer and a desulfurizer because of its strong reaction with substances such as O, N, Cl, and S. In the process of copper smelting, adding one in 100,000 to one ten thousandth of lithium can improve the internal structure of copper and make it denser, thereby improving the conductivity of copper. Lithium can remove harmful gases and impurities in the cast high-copper castings. Among the high-quality special alloy steels that modern needs, lithium is the most ideal material for removing impurities. 1kg of lithium burns 42998kJ of heat, so it is one of the best metals for rocket fuel. The energy released by 1kg of lithium through the thermonuclear reaction is equivalent to the combustion of more than 20,000 tons of high-quality coal . If a lithium or lithium compound is used as a solid fuel instead of a solid propellant, it is used as a driving force for rockets, missiles, and spacecraft. It has high energy, high burning speed, and high specific impulse. The payload of the rocket is directly It depends on the size of the specific impulse. If lithium is added to the glass manufacturing, the solubility of lithium glass is only 1/100 of that of ordinary glass (about one ten-thousandth of a gram of glass in each ordinary glass of hot tea), and the addition of lithium makes the glass "never dissolve". And can resist acid corrosion. Pure aluminum is too soft, when a small amount of aluminum in Li, Mg, Be and other alloyed metals, both light, and extremely hard, with this alloy for the manufacture of aircraft, enabling the aircraft to reduce the weight of 2/3, a Two people in the lithium plane can be carried away. Li-Pb alloy is a good antifriction material. What really made lithium a world-famous metal was after its excellent nuclear properties were discovered. Because of its unique properties in the atomic energy industry, it is called "high energy metal." 6Li has a strong ability to capture low-speed neutrons and can be used to control the rate of nuclear reactions in uranium reactors. It can also be used in nuclear power aircraft and spacecraft in terms of radiation protection and extended life of nuclear missiles. 6Li can be obtained by irradiation with neutrons in a nuclear reactor, and helium can be used to achieve thermonuclear reactions. 6Li can be used as a coolant in nuclear devices. Lithium battery is a high-quality energy developed in the 1930s and 1940s. It has been widely used in various fields due to its high open circuit voltage, high specific energy, wide operating temperature range, balanced discharge, and self-discharge. It is a promising power battery. Using a lithium battery to generate electricity to start a car, the driving cost is only 1/3 of that of a regular gasoline engine. It is made of lithium and used to start the atomic battery pack. It does not need to be charged in the middle and can work continuously for 20 years. At present, one of the important ways to solve the oil crisis and exhaust pollution of automobiles is to develop new batteries such as lithium batteries. Third, the use of lithium compounds One of the earlier important uses of lithium compounds was in ceramic articles, especially in enamel articles, the main role of lithium compounds being as fluxing agents. LiF has a high transparency to ultraviolet light, it is made of glass hidden in the Galaxy insight into the deepest mysteries. Lithium glass can be used to make TV tubes. During the Second World War, American pilots were equipped with a light and emergency hydrogen source, hydrogenated lithium pellets. When the plane crashes on the surface of the water, as soon as it hits the water, the lithium hydride immediately dissolves and releases a large amount of hydrogen, causing the life-saving equipment to inflate. When a wolf eats a meat containing a lithium compound, it can cause indigestion, and the appetite is greatly reduced, thereby changing the habit of the wolf meat. This habit is also hereditary. Lithium salt can treat madness and has been clinically applied. The incidence of arteriosclerotic heart disease is inversely proportional to the amount of lithium in the diet. Beijing Jishuitan Hospital uses lithium preparations to treat acute dysentery with nearly 90% efficacy. Beijing Tongren Hospital uses lithium preparations to treat aplastic anemia. Lithium halide and lithium nitride are used instead of tantalum and tantalum to act as explosives in hydrogen bombs to achieve the purpose of hydrogen bomb explosion. In the first hydrogen bomb that China successfully exploded on June 17, 1967, lithium telluride was used. LiBH 4 and LiAlH 4 are widely used as reducing agents in organic chemical reactions, and LiBH4 can reduce aldehydes, ketones and esters. LiAlH 4 is an important reducing agent for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, perfumes and fine organic chemicals. LiAlH 4 can also be used as a jet fuel. LiAlH 4 is a strong reducing agent for the special bonding of complex molecules, and this reagent has become an important reagent for many organic synthesis. The organolithium compound is reacted with an organic acid to obtain an addition product capable of being hydrolyzed to a ketone, and this reaction is used in the step of vitamin A synthesis. The organolithium compound is added to the aldehyde and the ketone to give an addition product of the alcohol upon hydrolysis. The lithium amide obtained by the reaction of lithium and ammonia is used to introduce an amino group, and is also used as a dehalogenating agent and a catalyst. The application of lithium to humans has a good start, but the production process of lithium is complicated and the cost is high. If people solve these problems once, the excellent performance of lithium will be further developed to expand its application range. Lithium, atomic number 3, atomic weight 6.941, is the lightest alkali metal element. The name of the element comes from the Greek word, the original meaning is "stone". 1817 by the Swedish scientist Afu Wei Cong found in the analysis of petalite mine. The main lithium minerals in nature are spodumene, lithium mica, lithium feldspar and aluminite . Lithium can be found in human and animal organisms, soil and mineral water, cocoa powder, tobacco, and algae. Natural lithium has two isotopes: lithium 6 and lithium 7. Metallic lithium is a silvery white light metal; melting point is 180.54 ° C, boiling point 1342 ° C, density 0.534 g / cm 3 , hardness 0.6. Metallic lithium is soluble in liquid ammonia. Unlike other alkali metals, lithium reacts slowly with water at room temperature, but reacts with nitrogen to form black monolithium nitride crystals. The weak acid salts of lithium are hardly soluble in water. In the alkali metal chloride, only lithium chloride is easily dissolved in an organic solvent. The flame of the volatile salt of lithium is dark red and can be used to identify lithium. Lithium is easily combined with oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc., and can be used as a deoxidizer in the metallurgical industry. Lithium component may be lead-based alloys and beryllium, magnesium, aluminum and other light alloys. Lithium has important applications in the atomic energy industry. Chemical element detailing element Name: Lithium Element symbol: Li atom Ordinal number: 3 Relative atomic mass: (12C=12.0000) 6.941 English name Lithium Atomic structure Atomic radius / Å: 2.05 atomic volume / cm3 / mol: 13.1 covalent radius / Å: 1.23 Electronic configuration: 1s22s1 ionic radius / Å: 0.76 oxidation state: I Electronic model Find Founded by JAArfvedson in Stockholm, Sweden in 1817. source Spodumene, lithium mica and salt lakes can be obtained by electrolyzing a lithium chloride solution. use Used in battery, glass, ceramic, lubricant, heat transfer medium, rocket driver, synthesis of vitaminA, etc. Physical properties Status: Soft silver-white metal, the lightest metal. Melting point (°C): 180.7 boiling point (°C): 1342 density (g/CC, 300K): 0.534 Specific heat / J / gK: 3.6 evaporation heat / KJ / mol: 145.92 heat of fusion / KJ / mol: 3 Conductivity / 106 / cm: 0.108 thermal conductivity / W / cmK: 0.847 Chemical properties Geological data (abundance): Residence time / year: 2 × 106 Sun (relative to H=1×1012): 10 Seawater / ppm: 0.17 Crust / ppm: 20 Biological data (content in human body) In the organ: Liver/ppm: 0.025 Muscle / ppm: 0.023 Blood / mgdm-3: 0.004 Daily intake / mg: 0.1-2 Bone/ppm: 1.3 Human (70Kg) total body weight / mg: 7 Modular Tubular Screw Conveyor Cement Screw Conveyor,Modular Tubular Screw Conveyor,Cement Screw Auger Conveyer,Grain Auger Conveyor Xinxiang Zhenying Mechanical Equipment Co., Ltd , https://www.zhenyinggroup.com